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ENGWR 300 (Van Zanten)

ENGWR 300 (Van Zanten)

Assignment

Paper 4 - Synthesis

Introduction

You have studied the findings of several cognitive science experts on how our minds take in, screen out and reformulate information, sometimes with erroneous results. Now you get to apply those findings to a current topic. The fact is that all of us get caught up in misinformation and fallacious thinking, sometimes to the point where we cannot free ourselves. Can our cognitive experts help us? Let’s find out! Welcome to your last project!

Your Task

You will investigate and analyze one type of widespread misinformation or fallacious thinking that is currently impacting our health as individuals or as a country, or one platform by which such misinformation spreads.

Topic Choices

Option 1: Climate change denialism

To investigate: What is climate change denialism and how is this denialism manifested today? What energizes and motivates those who question or reject the scientific consensus on global warming? What does and does not work to convince climate change deniers to consider environmental solutions? What insights do our cognitive experts have to offer?

Option 2: The spread of false content on social media

To investigate: What is the track record of your favorite social media platform when it comes to false content? What makes social media such an easy vector for misinformation and disinformation? What human vulnerabilities make us susceptible to false news on popular platforms like TicToc? How do our cognitive experts explain these problems and vulnerabilities, and what solutions do they offer?

Option 3: The rise of conspiracy theories

To investigate: What, by definition, are conspiracy theories? What are examples of conspiracy theories currently in circulation and why have they gained so much popularity? Examine in depth the conspiratorial thinking surrounding a specific current topic or figure, such as the 2020 presidential election, Hurricanes Helene and Milton, FEMA, Taylor Swift, Anthony Fauci, Haitian immigrants in Ohio, vaccines, etc. How would our cognitive experts explain the appeal of conspiracy theories like this, and how would they advise that we counter their impact?

Process

After outlining the kinds of misinformation or fallacious thinking that have been associated with your topic, you will create a conversation (that is, a synthesis) that brings together several authors from Unit 4 and, if you wish, from the course as a whole. That conversation will begin with a summary of the facts pertaining to your topic, will proceed to describe and analyze the various forms of cognitive bias and falsehoods that have been evident in the public discourse on this topic, and will conclude with some research-based suggestions for a more constructive way forward.

Required Components of This Paper

  • Introduction providing necessary background on the issue and culminating in a thesis statement indicating the focus of your analysis
  • Three to four body paragraphs in which you describe, analyze and propose ways to counteract the particular area of misinformation you have decided to focus on, drawing on multiple articles from this unit and, if you wish, articles from earlier units
  • Conclusion paragraph that reinforces the core insights of the essay and leaves the reader with a final thought
  • MLA format
  • Works Cited list
  • Suggested word count: 1200-1500 words

Sources

Articles on Cognition

Draw on at least two of these to show how recent research on cognition speaks to your topic.

  • The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion by Jonathan Haidt (New York: Random House, 2012, p. 48-59)
  • Thinking, Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman (New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2011, p. 19-30)
  • “Your Lying Mind” by Ben Yagoda (The Atlantic, September 2018)
  • “4 Reasons Why People Ignore Facts and Believe Fake News” by Michael Shermer (Business Insider, March 18, 2017)
  • “The Science of Regrettable Decisions” by Robert Pearl (Vox, July 23, 2019)

Topic-Specific Articles

Draw on at least two articles from your chosen content area.

Articles on Climate Change Denialism
  • "Climate Change: How to Talk to a Denier" by Merlyn Thomas and Marco Silva (BBC, July 24, 2022)
  • "So You Want to Convince a Climate Change Skeptic" by Spencer Bokat-Lindell (New York Times, January 2, 2020)
  • "The Most Important Thing You Can Do to Fight Climate Change: Talk About It" by Katharine Hayhoe (TEDWomen, 2018)
  • “Climate Science Meets a Stubborn Obstacle: Students” by Amy Harmon (New York Times, June 4, 2017)
Articles on the Spread of False Content on Social Media
  • "Most People Don’t Actively Seek to Share Fake News" by David Rand and Gordon Pennycook
  • (Scientific American, March 17, 2021)
  • "Google Finds ‘Inoculating’ People Against Misinformation Helps Blunt Its Power" by Nico Grant and Tiffany Hsu (New York Times Aug. 24, 2022)
  • “Researchers Warn TikTok Is a Growing Source of Misinformation” Interview with Tiffany Hsu (CBS News, August 16, 2022)
Articles on Conspiracy Theories
  • "Why Does the QAnon Conspiracy Thrive Despite All its Unfulfilled Prophecies?" by Mike Rothschild (Time, June 30, 2021)
  • “How to Love People Who Love Conspiracies” by Arthur C. Brooks (The Atlantic, November 3, 2022)
  • "QAnon Almost Destroyed My Relationship. Then My Relationship Saved Me from QAnon" by Anastasiia Carrier (Politico, August 13, 2021)
  • “Even Conspiracy Theorists Are Alarmed by What They’ve Seen” by Annie Kelly (New York Times, Aug. 4, 2023)

Library research

Consult at least one article you locate independently through the Sacramento City College Library.

Use of Personal Experience

Although your analysis will be entirely research-based, you are welcome to illustrate your points with personal stories, if appropriate. (For an example, see the Adam Grant piece, above.) Perhaps you and your best friend have opposing views on climate change, or perhaps you are experiencing a conflict with relative who has been drawn into some conspiracy theories. While you think your loved one has fallen victim to misinformation, they may think you have blinders on. Can you and your loved one find common ground and spark new understanding in one another?

Suggested Outline

There are lots of ways to set up this paper. Here is one approach to consider:

Summary introduction paragraph:

Introduce and explain the basic facts about your topic in 5-6 sentences, summarizing information from reputable sources in a concise, carefully sequenced manner, making sure one idea connects logically to the next. For example, if your paper is on climate science denialism, your introduction should present the facts on what climate change is, what causes it, and how it is impacting our world.
End the paragraph with a thesis statement or thesis question indicating the specific problem your paper will be tackling. For example, if you are writing about climate change denialism, you will want to ask where anti-science beliefs about global warming come from and how these should be addressed.

Body paragraphs 1-2:

Describe and analyze the types of misinformation and fallacious thinking regarding your topic

Body paragraphs 3-4:

Using the cognitive psychology sources from this unit (and sources from earlier units if you wish), present the most constructive ways to address these problems

Conclusion paragraph:

Summarize the core insights of the paper and leave the reader with a final thought. Do not introduce new sources in the conclusion.

Works cited list

You will need a complete and accurately formatted works cited list. Using the Citation tool in Google docs, start building your MLA-style works cited list early in the drafting process. You will be glad to have captured all of your sources when you are up against the submission deadline; you can always go back and delete sources you end up not using